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　前 言

　　本讲义是按照《全国硕士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）》所规定的题型和试卷结构编写的。编者力图把大纲的测试要求具体体现到课堂讲解与练习中去，以帮助广大考生深刻领会考试大纲的精神并进行有的放矢的考前复习，做到知己知彼、胸有成竹。

　　本讲义分上、下两册，包括20次讲座，共80学时。此讲义信息量大，既有对近年典型真题的剖析，又有大量自编练习供学员操练。本着精讲多练、讲中有练、练中有讲、讲练结合的原则，授课教师通过讲解和引导使学员在学习和操练中迅速进入考研切入点，了解考试的要求、重点和难点，理解和把握试题的命题思路，提高英语的语言知识水平并掌握一整套行之有效的学习方法和应试对策，以便在2007年的考试中取得满意的成绩。

　　此讲义每年按大纲精神和当年考题命题的新动向进行修订并得到历届学员的好评，被誉为“考研品牌大餐”。

　　学员在辅导班上应全神贯注、认真听讲、记笔记，积极参加课堂的操练活动，课下应认真复习、按时完成教师布置的家庭作业。此外，学员可以阅读朱泰祺教授编著的《(2007)硕士研究生英语入学考试复习指导》一书作为课外参考书，以满足不同层次考生的个性化需要。

　　预祝学员们考研成功！

　　北京太奇培训学校教务部

　　提高考研阅读能力的过程和规律

　　考研阅读理解包括三项，即多项选择题、选择搭配题和英译汉，共占60分。所以，阅读理解是考研试题中的重中之重。学生提高英语阅读理解能力一般要经历四个发展阶段：

　　1. 字面心译阶段，即在阅读时要通过逐词心译来理解原文。由于两种语言在句子语法结构、词语用法、语言习惯等方面存在着许多差异，这个阶段对原文的理解常会发生错误。

　　2. 分析性心译阶段，即在对原文的词语和结构进行一些分析以后，再进行心译，或心译过程伴随着词语和结构的分析。这时理解力比前一阶段有所提高，但阅读速度很慢。

　　3. 综合性心译阶段。在这个阶段由于语言水平的提高，阅读经验的积累，不经分析而直接将原文译成汉语。

　　4. 直接理解原文阶段。在这个阶段由于语言能力的不断提高，读者的理解已进入英语思维的模式，可以直接理解原文。

　　以上4个阶段只是大体上的划分，在实际阅读训练中，这4个阶段不是截然分割的。比如，处于第2阶段时，也不可能对每个句子都分析一遍后再来心译。第4阶段也可能伴随少量的心译，因为本族语毕竟是理解外语的媒介。

　　了解阅读能力提高的过程有利于加速阅读能力的培养。一般来说，我们的考生是处在介乎第2和第3阶段之间。对所读的材料有时要经过查阅词典，分析心译成汉语才能达到真正的理解。这作为阅读能力提高的一个阶段是不可避免的。但要努力缩短这一阶段，防止这种阅读方法成为定势。要尽可能减少心译，以提高阅读速度，达到基本上直接理解原文的阶段。

　　从逻辑和思维的角度看，阅读理解能力的提高是一个由浅入深、由片面到全面、由低层次到高层次的发展过程。较低层次的理解是字面理解(Read the lines)。考生对所读内容只能理解字面含义。随着理解的不断深化，考生逐渐进入推断性理解层次。考生慢慢能从语篇结构的高度来审视文章内容的逻辑结构和内在联系，从而进入更深层次的理解，如从字里行间理解作者要表达的内涵(Read between the lines)。最高层次是评价性阅读理解，即能理解文章内容的言外之音(Read beyond the lines)，能对所读内容进行推理判断、综合归纳和客观评论。研究生英语入学考试中的阅读理解就属于这个层次。这时考生应能凭借自己的阅读经验和分析能力对所读文章和题目选项进行评价，如：选择项所传递的信息是否确切、事实是否可靠、结论是否正确以及信息的应用价值等。

　　考研学生应具备哪些能力才能应对阅读理解考试的需要呢？

　　1. 理解文章的主旨、抓住全文的中心思想和展开中心思想的逻辑结构和逻辑框架；

　　2. 理解文章中的具体信息和细节；

　　3. 理解明确或隐含表达的概念性含义；

　　4. 进行有关内容的推理、归纳和引申；

　　5. 根据上下文推测不熟悉词语的含义；

　　6. 理解作者的写作目的、态度、语气及文章的基调；

　　7. 以上各项能力要求必须在规定的时间内完成。

　　滴水穿石，贵在坚持。我相信，通过我们师生的共同努力，学员的阅读理解能力定会不断提高。

[ 本帖最后由 忽悠转转 于 2006-4-28 15:25 编辑 ]

忽悠转转

　2007北京太奇培训学校考研英语强化班授课讲义(一)

　　Text I [2006, RC Text 1]

　　In spite of "endless talk of difference," American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is "the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference" characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into "a culture of consumption" launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered "vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite" these were stores "anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act." The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.

　　Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of the population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation -- language, home ownership and intermarriage.

　　The 1990 Census revealed that "a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence." The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. "By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families." Hence the description of America as a "graveyard" for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.

　　Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics "have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks." By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.

　　Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet "some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power."

　　Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment. (400 words)

　　Notes: homogenize vt. 使匀质。 uniformity n. 千篇一律，无变化。discourse n. 讲演；会话；论文。deference n. 遵从，服从，顺从。an array of (=arrays of) 一系列；大量。elegant adj. 高雅的。cater to v. 迎合；满足。regardless of 不管，不顾。fit into 适合；符合。elevating adj. 提高思想修养的。poisonous adj. 有毒的；败坏道德的。forum n. 论坛。unprecedented adj. 前所未有的。prior to 在…以前。index n. [pl.] indices(=indexes) 索引；指数；标志。 intermarriage n.（种族、宗教等之间的）通婚。countries of origin 起源国。bilingual adj. 能说两种语的。proficient adj. 精通的，熟练的。graveyard n. 墓地，坟场。Hispanic n. 西班牙的；拉丁美洲的（说西班牙语的）。seethe vi. 因 … 而骚动。

　　1. The word "homogenizing" (Line 1, Paragraph 1) most probably means

　　[A] identifying. [B] associating. [C] assimilating. [D] monopolizing.

　　2. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century

　　[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture. [B] became intimate shops for common consumers.

　　[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite. [D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.

　　3. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S.

　　[A] are resistant to homogenization. [B] exert a great influence on American culture.

　　[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture. [D] constitute the majority of the population.

　　4. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?

　　[A] To prove their popularity around the world. [B] To reveal the public's fear of immigrants.

　　[C] To give examples of successful immigrants. [D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.

　　5. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is

　　[A] rewarding. [B] successful. [C] fruitless. [D] harmful.

　　Text 2 [2005, RC Text 1]

　　Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature,suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

　　The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

　　Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

　　In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.

　　The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. (426 words)

　　1. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by

　　[A] posing a contrast. [B] justifying an assumption.

　　[C] making a comparison. [D] explaining a phenomenon.

　　2. The statement "it is all too monkey" (Last line, Paragraph-1) implies that

　　[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.

　　[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.

　　[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.

　　[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.

　　3. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are

　　[A] more inclined to weigh what they get. [B] attentive to researchers' instructions.

　　[C] nice in both appearance and temperament. [D] more generous than their male companions.

　　4. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys

　　[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers. [B] can be taught to exchange things.

　　[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated. [D] are unhappy when separated from others.

　　5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

　　[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.

　　[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.

　　[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

　　[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

　　Text 3

　　The war on drugs in the United States is an escalating battle that has, as of recent times, reached unprecedented levels. In every city and state across the nation, law enforcement officials are working around the clock to eradicate the illegal use, possession and distribution of controlled substances at all levels of society. The increasing devotion of resources and efforts to the battle has achieved mixed results.

　　A growing amount of money is being devoted to the funding of the war on drugs as time progresses. At last count, 19.2 billion dollars was being spent annually on the ongoing struggle, consisting of pay for law enforcement officials, education, treatment and other uses. This staggering amount translates into a stunning 609 dollars per second.

　　Results are being achieved. An arrest for drug-related offenses occurs every 20 seconds, and 648 people are put in prison

　　every day on drug-related charges. These numbers illustrate the prevailing tactic used by the U.S. government in the war against drugs – going after the people supporting the industry. By removing both the suppliers and purchasers of illegal drugs, it is hoped that the industry will collapse by itself, through the elimination of supply and demand.

　　Aside from directly arresting those individuals responsible for the selling and purchasing of illegal drugs, the United States has also embarked on a campaign to take away the tools by which the drugs are used, primarily in the form of needles. To this end, there has been a recent federal ban on needle exchanges intended to restrict access to the tools necessary for the use of some illegal drugs.

　　This program has drawn harsh criticism, however, as it has resulted in the use and reuse of unsanitary needles, possibly contributing to the number of AIDS infections in drug users who would otherwise have avoided infection by using sterile needles that could have been provided, but for the federal ban. According to a study conducted by the AIDS Prevention Studies Center of the University of California at San Francisco, 4000 new infections of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, could be avoided per year if the federal ban on needle exchanges was lifted. This translates into more than 10 new cases of HIV avoided per day, a figure that causes one to pause and consider whether the war on drugs is being fought in the best manner possible. (395 words)

　　本文重点词汇和词组：escalating 逐步升级的；as of 从…起；around the clock日日夜夜； eradicate 根除；杜绝；staggering大得惊人的；stunning令人震惊的；go after追捕；sterile 消毒过的；embark on 着手，从事；but for 要不是…的话；HIV (=human immunodeficiency virus) 人免疫力缺乏病毒（艾滋病病毒）；lift vt. 撤消，解除。

　　1. By referring to “mixed results” in paragraph 1, the author most probably intends to mean ________.

　　A. all sorts of successes B. confused consequences

　　C. positive and negative effects D. significant and pleasing outcome

　　2. The author outlines the government’s strategy in the war on drugs in paragraph 3 to ________.

　　A. support the main view presented in the text

　　B. show that this strategy is the most effective

　　C. discredit later the strategy in subsequent paragraphs

　　D. explain why the statistics cited are relevant and important

　　3. The author brings up the issue of HIV and AIDS infections in paragraph 5 in order to ________.

　　A. illustrate another social issue that is not receiving enough attention

　　B. identify one group of people whom the war on drugs is indirectly affecting

　　C. illustrate an issue that must be taken seriously while fighting the war on drugs

　　D. identify one of the main motivations for the current strategy in the war on drugs

　　4. The author’s opinion of the ongoing war on drugs is one of ________.

　　A. strong disapproval B. critical support C. reluctant opposition D. silent consent

　　5. The main point of this text is to ________.

　　A. convince the reader that the war on drugs is being won

　　B. state the harmfulness of drugs and support the war on them

　　C. highlight the importance of launching a battle against drugs

　　D. inform the reader of the current status of the war on drugs

　　Text 4（课外阅读） [2003 RC Text 1]

　　Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage -- spying as a “profession.” These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.

　　The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open source intelligence,” and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.

　　Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering Chile and Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.straitford.com.

　　Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we’ll hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risk, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep.

　　Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford briefs don’t sound like usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice. (396 words)

　　1. The emergence of the Net has __________.

　　A. received support from fans like Donovan B. remolded the intelligence services

　　C. restored many common pastimes D. revived spying as a profession

　　2. Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to ________.

　　A. introduce the topic of online spying B. show how he fought for the U.S.

　　C. give an episode of the information war D. honor his unique services to the CIA

　　3. The phrase ‘making the biggest splash’ (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means _________.

　　A. causing the biggest trouble B. exerting the greatest effort

　　C. achieving the greatest success D. enjoying the widest popularity

　　4. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that _________.

　　A. Straitford’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true B. Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information

　　C. Straitford’s business is characterized by unpredictability D. Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information

　　5. Straitford is most proud of its __________.

　　A. official status B. nonconformist image

　　C. efficient staff D. military background

　　Text 2 Word Study

　　1. slack adj. 1)松的，松驰的，宽松的：A rope is slack if it hasn’t been pulled tight. (如果一根绳子没有拉紧，那它是松的。) 2)松懈的，马虎的：A slack person is one who does things carelessly. (一个马虎的人是一个做事粗枝大叶的人。) 3)缓慢的：The horse was moving at a slack pace. (这匹马以缓慢的步伐走着。) 4) 生意清淡，萧条：Business is slack at this season. (在这个季节生意清淡萧条。) vt. 1)放松；使缓慢：Slack the rope before trying to unite the knot. (在试图打结之前请把这条绳子放松。) The train slacked off it speed as it came into the station. (这列火车进站时，它放慢了速度。) 2) vi.马虎，懈怠：He was scolded for slacking. (他由于马虎而挨骂。)

　　2. outrage vt. (=shock or offend sb.; upset greatly) 震骇；触犯；使气愤：outrage public opinion 违反民意。They were outraged by the announcement of massive price increases. (物价大幅上涨的消息一公布，他们气愤填膺。) n. 1)残暴行为，罪行：The use of H-bombs would be an outrage against humanity. (使用氢弹是反人类的残暴行为。) 2)愤怒：The farmers felt outrage at the attack on their villages. (农民们对进攻他们的村庄感到愤怒。) 同根词outrageous adj. 愤怒的；残暴的；令人反感的：outrageous behavior令人愤怒的行为。

　　3. all too 实在太：The holidays were all too short.（假期实在太短了。） The day passed all too quickly.（这天过得实在太快了。）

　　4. grieve vi./vt. 悲痛，难过；伤心：I shall not grieve at his death. (他死我不会悲痛。) I was grieved to see the change in my old friend. (我伤心地看到我老朋友的这种变化。) grief n. 悲痛；悲痛的事：My mother is overcome with grief. (我母亲悲痛欲极。) His wild behavior was a grief to his parents. (他的粗野行为使他父母很伤心。) 同根词grievous adj. 令人悲痛的；极严重的。 grievance n. 不满意见，苦情，牢骚；抱怨不平：He won’t listen to our grievance.

　　5. above all (=most important)最重要的。

　　6. exchange 交换；交流：to exchange experience 交流经验。to exchange views交流观点看法。exchange… for…把…换成…：Where can I exchange dollars for pounds? (我在哪里能把美元换成英镑？) exchange … with 和…交换：He exchanged seats with me. (他与我交换座位。) n. 交换；交流：a secret exchange of messages 秘密交换信息。foreign exchange reserves外汇储备。词组：in exchange for 作为交换：I took his watch in exchange for my camera. (我拿了他的手表换我的相机。)

　　7. in return for 作为…的回报；以答谢：I’m sending him a present in return for all his kindness to us. (我将寄给他一件礼品以答谢他对我们的好意。)

　　8. adjoin vt. 与…相邻。markedly 显着地，明显地。toss vt. (=throw sth. lightly)轻扔，掷。induce vt. (=persuade or influence sb to do sth.)引诱，诱发，诱惑。stem from (=come from)来自。as yet (=so far) 至今。

　　Text 3 Word Study

　　precede vi./ vt. 在…之前，在…前面：The Greek civilization preceded the Roman one. (希腊文明先于罗马文明。) 2) They came into the room preceded by a small dog. (一条小狗在前面，他们走进房间。) 3) A major precedes a captain. (少校的职位比大尉高。) 4) He preceded his speech with a warning against inattention. (他讲话以前先警告听众不要心不在焉。)

　　同根词： precedence n. 时间上在前。用于成语：give precedence over 给予优先地位: This task must be given precedence over all others. (这项任务应放在其它所有任务之前。) take precedence over 比…重要：Some say Shakespeare takes precedence over all other writers. (有人说，莎士比亚的地位比其他所有作家高。)

　　precedent n. 先例：If he is allowed to do this, it will be a precedent for others. (如果允许他这样做，那对于其他人来说是个先例。) 用于成语：set a precedent 开…的先例: She set a precedent as the first woman executive in the company. (她开了先例当公司的首任经理。) without precedent 没有先例：It is something without precedent in history.

　　preceding adj. 前面的：I remember the war but nothing of the preceding years. (我记得这场战争，但对战前岁月记忆中荡然无存。) precedented：有先例的；unprecedented 史无前例的，空前的。

　　Text 4 Word Study

　　1. by a … margin 以…之差：1) We won the game by a large/narrow margin. 2) He won the election by only one vote margin. (他只靠一票之差赢了这次选举。)

　　2. make a splash 引人注目，引起轰动：She has made quite a splash in literary circles with her first book. （她的第一本书在文学界大为轰动。）

　　3. earn one’s keep 挣钱养活自己：When you earn your keep, you will be able to do many things that your parents cannot afford to let you do now. (等你自己挣钱时，你就可以做许多目前你父母没有力量同意你做的事。)earn one’s living (=earn one’s livelihood) 挣钱糊口，谋生。

　　4. lean vi/vt. 倚，靠；倾，倾斜： 1) He leaned against the wall. (他背靠着墙。) 2) They came to Pisa and saw the leaning tower. (他们来到比萨并看到了斜塔。) 3) Lean your head on my shoulder. (把你的头靠在我的肩上。)

　　同根词：leaning n. 倾向，偏好: 1) Their leanings are towards education for everyone. 2) He has a leaning towards music.

　　lean adj. 瘦而肌肉结实的；贫乏的；歉收的：a lean horse; lean crops (歉收)；a lean year (荒年)；a lean staff (人员单薄)。

　　5. on the chance of (或that) 怀着…的希望，期望…：1) Go ahead with the printing on the chance that no major correction may prove necessary. （开印吧，希望将来不需要有重大的勘误。） 2) I’ll call at his office on the chance of seeing him before he leaves. （我将到他办公室去拜访他，希望能在他下班前见到他。）

　　6. take pride in … 以…而自豪：1) Don’t take pride in your son. 2) He took (a) great pride in being a member of the club.

　　pride oneself on sth./doing sth. 以…而自豪：She prides herself on her skill as a gardener.
II. Writing

　　Directions: Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should
Text 1参考译文

　　尽管人们“无休止地谈论美国社会的差异性”，但是美国社会却是一部使人同化的惊人机器。美国的民主化使人们的衣着和谈吐风格趋于一致，人们漫不经心、不拘礼节，没有强制的顺从，这些都是大众文化的特点。



人们融入到一种“消费文化”中去；这种文化是由19世纪的百货商店开创的。这些商店在高雅的氛围中向消费者提供各种各样的商品。这些商店不是去迎合知识精英的幽静宜人的商店，而是不论阶层和背景，任何人都能进去的商店。这就使购物成为一种公众的、民主的行动。大众传媒、广告和体育是均质化的其他推动力量。

　　国外来的移民很快适应了这种大众文化；它可能全然不会提高人们的思想修养，但几乎也不会败坏人们的道德。Gregory Rodriguez在为《国家移民论坛》撰稿时报道说，今天的移民既没有达到空前的数量，也没有抗拒同化。1998年移民占美国人口的9.8%；1900年占13.6%。在1990年以前的10年中，每1000个居民有3.1个移民；而在1890年以前的10年中，每1000个居民中就有9.2个移民。现在，想一想同化的3个标志：语言、住房所有权和通婚。

　　1990年的人口统计披露，来自15个最常见的移民来源国的每个国家的多数移民在居住了10年以后英语讲得“好”或“很好”。移民的孩子往往是讲双语的，并且精通英语。“到了第三代，在大多数移民家庭中原来的本国语言消失了。”因而人们把美国说成是语言的“坟墓”。到1996年，1970年以前到达的国外出生的移民房屋拥有率占75.6%, 高于土生土长的美国人的房屋拥有率（69.8%）。

　　国外出生的亚洲人和讲西班牙语的人“比在美国出生的白人和黑人的通婚率高。”到第三代，讲西班牙语的女子中有三分之一嫁给非西班牙裔的男子；41%的亚裔美国女子嫁给非亚裔男子。

　　Rodriguez指出，世界各地偏僻乡村的儿童是诸如阿诺德 斯瓦辛格和加思 布鲁克斯这样的超级电影明星的热情崇拜者（迷）；然而“有些美国人担心，生活在美国国内的移民仍然由于某种原因不受这个国家的同化力的影响。

　　美国是否存在造成不和的问题和因愤怒而骚动的地区？的确，美国如此巨大，什么东西都可能有一点。但是对照美国动荡的过去来看，今天的各项社会标志几乎没有表明存在着一个黑暗的、日益恶化的社会环境。

　　Text 2 参考译文

　　人人都喜欢工资涨得多一点。然而，如果你了解到一位同事工资涨得比你还多，那么你对自己涨工资的这份高兴劲就会荡然无存。的确，如果他是工作懒散而出了名的，那你甚至可能会大发雷霆。这种行为表现被认为是“人所共有的”，言下之意，动物或许不会有这种忿恨不平之感。但是，乔治亚洲亚特莱大市的Emory大学的Sarah Brosnan和Frans de Waal发表在《自然》杂志上的一项研究报告表明，这种行为也是猴子所共有的。

　　研究人员研究了雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为表现。这些猴子看上去很伶俐。它们是性格和善、善于协作的动物，并且愿意分享它们的食品。最重要的是，与人类中的女性一样，这些雌性卷尾猴往往比雄性卷尾猴更加看重“商品和服务”的价值。

　　这些特征使雌性卷尾猴成了Sarah Brosnan博士和Frans de Waal博士研究的首选对象。他们费了两年时间教这些猴子用代金券去换食物。正常情况下，猴子很乐意用石片去换黄瓜片。可是，当两只猴子被放在分开的但相邻的两间小室里，以便每只猴子都能看到另一只猴子用石片能换到什么东西，这时它们的行为变得显著不同。

　　在众多的卷尾猴眼中，葡萄是一种豪华食品（比黄瓜强多了）。因此当一只猴子用一片石片换来一粒葡萄时，另一只猴子就不愿意把它的石片递过去只换一片黄瓜。并且如果一只猴子收到一粒葡萄而根本不用石片去交换，另一只猴子要么把它的石片朝研究人员扔去，要么就从小室里扔出去，要么拒绝接受这片黄瓜。的确，只要在另一间小室里有一粒葡萄（没有实际的猴子去吃），就足以诱发一只雌性卷尾猴心中的忿恨。

　　研究人员认为，卷尾猴也像人一样，由社交的情感所支配。在野生环境中，卷尾猴是一种善于协作的群居动物。这样的协作，只有在每个动物感到它没有受骗时，才可能是稳固的。看来，正当的愤怒感并不是只有人才有的。拒绝接受较少的报酬这一行为使这个群体的其他成员非常清楚地看到这些情感。然而，这种公平感是否是人与卷尾猴在进化过程中各自形成的，或者源于三千五百万年前人与猴子共同的祖先，至今还是一个无法回答的问题。

　　Text 3 参考译文

　　美国的缉毒战一直在不断的升级，近来已达到前所未有的程度。全国各州、市的执法官员正在夜以继日地工作，以便根除社会各阶层中存在的非法使用、占有和传布各种毒品的现象。越来越多的人力、物力投入到这场斗争中去，但其结果忧喜参半。

　　随着时间的推移，越来越多的资金投入到缉毒工作中去。据最近一次结算，每年用于这场持续不断的缉毒战的资金达到192亿美元，包括执法官员的薪金、教育、医疗费用以及其它的开支。这个惊人的数目等于说，每秒钟要花掉609美元。

　　正在取得一些成果。每20秒钟就逮捕一名与毒品有关的犯罪者，每天有648人因与毒品有关的指控而被投入监狱。这些数字表明，美国在缉毒战中采用的流行做法是，追捕支持毒品行业的任何人。政府希望，通过取缔毒品的供求双方使这个行业自行垮台。

　　除了直接逮捕参与非法毒品交易的买卖双方以外，美国政府还开展了一场运动，禁止主要以注射器来使用毒品的工具。为了这一目标，联邦政府最近禁止注射品交易，这一禁令旨在限止获取使用某些非法毒品所必备的工具。

　　然而，这一措施已经引发了严厉的批评，因为它导致了使用并重复使用不卫生的注射品；这就可能会增加毒品使用者中的艾滋病感染数，这些人，要不是联邦政府的禁令，如果使用能得到的卫生的注射器本来是可以避免感染的。根据旧金山加利福尼亚大学艾滋病预防研究中心的一项研究报告表明，如果撤销联邦政府有关注射器交易的禁令，每年4000名新的艾滋病病毒感染者本来是可以避免的。这就是说，每天可以避免10多起新的艾滋病病毒感染。这一数字不禁使人驻足沉思，这场缉毒战中是否采用了可能的最佳办法？

　　Text 4 参考译文

　　Wild Bill Donovan 本来是会喜欢互联网的。这位在第二次世界大战中建立战略服务办公处并在后来为中央情报局奠定基础的美国间谍大师对情报独具钟情。在作为“职业”的间谍活动“大游戏”中，Donovan 信赖使用任何到手的工具。如今，由于网络已经改变了购物和发邮件这样的日常活动，它也在改变Donovan所从事的间谍职业。

　　最近这场用互联网来改变间谍活动的革命并不仅仅是一些先生读另一些先生的电子邮件。那种电子间谍活动已经进行了数十年了。在过去的三、四年中互联网创建了点击式间谍活动的整整一个行业。这些间谍称它为“敞开来源的情报”，并且随着网络的发展，这个行业的影响越来越大。1995年中央情报局举行了一次竞赛，看谁能够收集和汇编出有关布隆迪的最多的资料。遥遥领先的获胜者是弗吉尼亚州的一家小公司，名叫“敞开来源解决办法”。这个公司的明显优势是，它掌握了电子世界。

　　在这个新的领域引起轰动的公司中有Straitford公司 － 一家以得克萨斯州奥斯汀为基地的私人情报分析公司。Straitford靠把间谍活动（包括从智利到俄罗斯的国家）成果卖给公司，如McDermott国际能源服务公司，来赚钱的。它的许多预测可以在www.straitford.com. 网站的网上得到。

　　Straitford公司董事丧George Friedman说，他把网上世界看作是一种对情报收集和发送互惠的有力工具。上周他的公司忙于全力搜集来自世界各地的资料信息并预测在乌克兰将会发生一场危机。前任政治学教授Friedman说，“那个报导一发表，我们将立刻从乌克兰收到500条新的互联网贴子。”“并且我们将从其中一些帖子中收到回音。”敞开来源的间谍活动确实有它的风险，因为很难区别有用的情报和无用的情报。可那就是Straitford公司挣钱自立之所在。

　　Friedman 依靠在奥斯汀的仅仅20人的人员。其中有几人有军事情报工作的背景。他把公司所处的局外人的地位看作是公司成功的关键。Straitford发出的短讯并不像通常华盛顿的来往报告，因此，情报机构避免做出激动人心的正式声明，担心这些声明可能有误。Friedman说，Straitford公司为其不为人左右的声音而自豪。

　　帮助你学习记忆单词的有效方法 -- 同根词解析

　　*affect [af (=ad) 去 + fect 起作用] vt. 1. 影响 2. （感情方面）打动 * affected a. 做作的，假装的，不自然的 *affecting a. 令人感动的 *affection n. 慈爱，爱慕，爱情 * affectionate a. 重感情的，慈爱的 * affectionately adv. 你的亲爱的 [用于给亲友写信的结尾] *defect [de 否定 + fect 做 = 没有做好] n. 缺点，缺陷，毛病 *defection n. 背信，背叛，变节 *defective a. （指质量）有缺点的，有缺损的 *effect [ef (=ex) 向外 + fect 做 = 做出] n. 结果，效果，作用，影响 *effect vt. 使产生，使发生，引起 *effective a. 有效的，生效的 *effectively adv. 有效地，能产生预想结果地

　　*infect [in 往里 + fect 做 = 向里起作用] vt. 传染，感染 *infection n. 传染，感染 *infectious a. 传染的，传染性的；有感染力的 *perfect [per 完全 + fect 做 = 做得完美] a. 1. 完美的，完满的，完好的 2. 完全的，十足的 *perfect vt. 使完美，改善 *perfectly adv. 完美他 *perfection n. 尽善尽美，完美

　　*efficiency [ef (=ex) 出 + fic 做 + iency = 做出的事] n. 效率，功效 *efficient a. 效率高的，有能力的 *efficiently adv 效率高地 *inefficient a. 效率低的，无能 *deficiency [de不 + fic 做 + ciency ] n. 缺乏，不足，缺陷 *deficient a. 缺乏的， *sufficiency [su超过 + fic 做 + iency = 超过做的事] n. 充足，足量 *sufficient a. 足够的，充分的 *sufficiently adv. 足够地，充分他 *insufficient [in不够 + sufficient] a. 不足的，不够的 *insufficiently adv. 不足地，

　　*proficiency [pro向前 + fic 做 + iency] n. 熟练，精通 *proficient a. 熟练的，精通的

　　来源：北京太奇培训学校

　　1) describe the photos briefly,

　　2) interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and

　　3) give your point of view.

　　You should write 160 – 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

　　多么生动的照片啊！一幅照片展现了一个年轻人的脸，脸上写着贝克汉姆的名字；另一幅照片描绘了同样令人不安的情境，一位青年花300元理个发，就是为了模仿贝克汉姆的发式。

显然，作者打算提醒我们，这些青年人多么狂热地崇敬他们的偶像。

　　这些照片确实发人深省。我不由得把它们与另一个热门词“超女”联系起来，在2005年“超女”这个词几乎风靡全国。这些照片是镜子，反映了年轻人渴望成功，犹如他们的偶像。最近几年来，随着中国经济稳步增长，年轻人享受到了物质上的富裕，但是这并不总是意味着精神上的满足。相反，他们中很多人越来越沉溺于追求毫无意义的事。他们仿效他们偶像的行为：如何看上去酷、如何寻找欢乐，甚至如何与记者捉迷藏。他们羡慕他们的偶像已经飞黄腾达，然而却从来不看一看偶像们攀登通向成功的荆棘之路。

　　依我看，很显然，这种狂热对年轻人颇为有害。现在该是教育年轻人如何正确敬仰偶像。每个教育机构的责任是号召年轻人学会成功之道：成功总是来自于刻苦努力。

　　What vivid pictures! One presents a young man’s face, on which the name Beckham is painted, and the other depicts an equally disturbing situation, where a teenager spends 300 yuan on his haircut simply because he wants to follow Beckham’s hairstyle. Obviously, the drawer intends to remind us how crazily these youngsters are adoring their icons.

　　The pictures really set me thinking. I cannot help associating them with another hot word “supergirl”, which almost swept over every Chinese in the year 2005. They are mirrors, reflecting how eager the youth are to succeed like their icons. In recent years, with China’s steady economic growth, the youngsters have enjoyed material abundance, which, however, does not always mean spiritual satisfaction. On the opposite, many of them find themselves increasingly indulged in pursuing meaningless things. They imitate whatever their icons do: how to look cool, how to look for fun, and even how to play hide-and-seek with reporters. They envy how successful their icons have become, yet they never take a look at the thorny road, along which, their icons climb up to success.

　　Personally, I hold it self-evident that this kind of craziness will do great harm to the youth. It is high time that they were taught how to adore icons properly. It is the responsibility of every educational institution to call upon the youth to learn one thing about success: success always results from hard work. (237 words)

　　Notes: icon圣像，偶像。adore vt. (=love deeply and respect sb. highly) 钟爱，敬爱。

　　背记重点词语汉英对照：1. 一个…；而另一个…：One … ; the other …。 2. 仿效某人的榜样/衣着和谈吐：follow one’ example/dress and discourse。 3. 发人深省：set people thinking。 4. cannot help associating … with…：不由自主地把…与…联系起来。 5. 渴望做某事：be eager to do sth. (=desire/long to do sth.)。 6. 相反：on the opposite。 7. 仿效，模仿：imitate，follow, model oneself after/on。 8. 沉溺于：indulge oneself in sth. or in doing sth.。 9. 对某人有害： do harm to sb. 10. 该到…时侯了：It is high time that sb. did sth.。

　　Put the following sentences from Chinese into English：

　　1. 有两幅画呈现两种截然不同的情境：在温室中的花茁壮成长；而在暴风雨中的花朵凋谢（wither away）了。

　　2. 有一些年轻人只模仿明星的外表而没有去研究明星成功所经历的道路。

　　3. 这幅画真是发人深省。我不由自主地把成功与刻苦努力联系起来了。

　　4. 该到我们永远牢记不能沉溺于甜蜜的梦想中，而应该踏踏实实地做点事情的时候了。

　　作业：1. 认真复习本单元阅读文章和词汇工作;

　　2. 背诵作文；熟悉短文框架、段落结构和常用句型；

　　3. 安排“复习指导”中长难句语法结构剖析（第1章）和词汇(第2, 3, 4,章)的自学计划, 打好考研英语的知识基础；同时开始做阅读理解一章中的“中级阅读45篇”。用语法词汇促进阅读，再用阅读巩固语法和词汇。

　　赠言：良好的开端是成功的一半。从今天起你就要全身心地投入到考研准备中去, 以便在明年的激烈竞争中立于不败之地。有得必有失。你将为此失去很多很多。但是，你得到的是，在事业的征途中又登上了一个新的台阶。

　　浮躁、急功近利和实用主义的世界观正侵蚀着我们年轻一代的心灵。但考研是一场净化我们灵魂的洗礼，它磨练我们的斗志、考验我们的毅力。我们今天浴血奋战将换来我们明天更美好的未来。我们子孙后代将踩着我们用汗水铺平的道路向科学文化进军！
Text 1参考译文

　　尽管人们“无休止地谈论美国社会的差异性”，但是美国社会却是一部使人同化的惊人机器。美国的民主化使人们的衣着和谈吐风格趋于一致，人们漫不经心、不拘礼节，没有强制的顺从，这些都是大众文化的特点。

人们融入到一种“消费文化”中去；这种文化是由19世纪的百货商店开创的。这些商店在高雅的氛围中向消费者提供各种各样的商品。这些商店不是去迎合知识精英的幽静宜人的商店，而是不论阶层和背景，任何人都能进去的商店。这就使购物成为一种公众的、民主的行动。大众传媒、广告和体育是均质化的其他推动力量。

　　国外来的移民很快适应了这种大众文化；它可能全然不会提高人们的思想修养，但几乎也不会败坏人们的道德。Gregory Rodriguez在为《国家移民论坛》撰稿时报道说，今天的移民既没有达到空前的数量，也没有抗拒同化。1998年移民占美国人口的9.8%；1900年占13.6%。在1990年以前的10年中，每1000个居民有3.1个移民；而在1890年以前的10年中，每1000个居民中就有9.2个移民。现在，想一想同化的3个标志：语言、住房所有权和通婚。

　　1990年的人口统计披露，来自15个最常见的移民来源国的每个国家的多数移民在居住了10年以后英语讲得“好”或“很好”。移民的孩子往往是讲双语的，并且精通英语。“到了第三代，在大多数移民家庭中原来的本国语言消失了。”因而人们把美国说成是语言的“坟墓”。到1996年，1970年以前到达的国外出生的移民房屋拥有率占75.6%, 高于土生土长的美国人的房屋拥有率（69.8%）。

　　国外出生的亚洲人和讲西班牙语的人“比在美国出生的白人和黑人的通婚率高。”到第三代，讲西班牙语的女子中有三分之一嫁给非西班牙裔的男子；41%的亚裔美国女子嫁给非亚裔男子。

　　Rodriguez指出，世界各地偏僻乡村的儿童是诸如阿诺德 斯瓦辛格和加思 布鲁克斯这样的超级电影明星的热情崇拜者（迷）；然而“有些美国人担心，生活在美国国内的移民仍然由于某种原因不受这个国家的同化力的影响。

　　美国是否存在造成不和的问题和因愤怒而骚动的地区？的确，美国如此巨大，什么东西都可能有一点。但是对照美国动荡的过去来看，今天的各项社会标志几乎没有表明存在着一个黑暗的、日益恶化的社会环境。

　　Text 2 参考译文

　　人人都喜欢工资涨得多一点。然而，如果你了解到一位同事工资涨得比你还多，那么你对自己涨工资的这份高兴劲就会荡然无存。的确，如果他是工作懒散而出了名的，那你甚至可能会大发雷霆。这种行为表现被认为是“人所共有的”，言下之意，动物或许不会有这种忿恨不平之感。但是，乔治亚洲亚特莱大市的Emory大学的Sarah Brosnan和Frans de Waal发表在《自然》杂志上的一项研究报告表明，这种行为也是猴子所共有的。

　　研究人员研究了雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为表现。这些猴子看上去很伶俐。它们是性格和善、善于协作的动物，并且愿意分享它们的食品。最重要的是，与人类中的女性一样，这些雌性卷尾猴往往比雄性卷尾猴更加看重“商品和服务”的价值。

　　这些特征使雌性卷尾猴成了Sarah Brosnan博士和Frans de Waal博士研究的首选对象。他们费了两年时间教这些猴子用代金券去换食物。正常情况下，猴子很乐意用石片去换黄瓜片。可是，当两只猴子被放在分开的但相邻的两间小室里，以便每只猴子都能看到另一只猴子用石片能换到什么东西，这时它们的行为变得显著不同。

　　在众多的卷尾猴眼中，葡萄是一种豪华食品（比黄瓜强多了）。因此当一只猴子用一片石片换来一粒葡萄时，另一只猴子就不愿意把它的石片递过去只换一片黄瓜。并且如果一只猴子收到一粒葡萄而根本不用石片去交换，另一只猴子要么把它的石片朝研究人员扔去，要么就从小室里扔出去，要么拒绝接受这片黄瓜。的确，只要在另一间小室里有一粒葡萄（没有实际的猴子去吃），就足以诱发一只雌性卷尾猴心中的忿恨。

　　研究人员认为，卷尾猴也像人一样，由社交的情感所支配。在野生环境中，卷尾猴是一种善于协作的群居动物。这样的协作，只有在每个动物感到它没有受骗时，才可能是稳固的。看来，正当的愤怒感并不是只有人才有的。拒绝接受较少的报酬这一行为使这个群体的其他成员非常清楚地看到这些情感。然而，这种公平感是否是人与卷尾猴在进化过程中各自形成的，或者源于三千五百万年前人与猴子共同的祖先，至今还是一个无法回答的问题。

　　Text 3 参考译文

　　美国的缉毒战一直在不断的升级，近来已达到前所未有的程度。全国各州、市的执法官员正在夜以继日地工作，以便根除社会各阶层中存在的非法使用、占有和传布各种毒品的现象。越来越多的人力、物力投入到这场斗争中去，但其结果忧喜参半。

　　随着时间的推移，越来越多的资金投入到缉毒工作中去。据最近一次结算，每年用于这场持续不断的缉毒战的资金达到192亿美元，包括执法官员的薪金、教育、医疗费用以及其它的开支。这个惊人的数目等于说，每秒钟要花掉609美元。

　　正在取得一些成果。每20秒钟就逮捕一名与毒品有关的犯罪者，每天有648人因与毒品有关的指控而被投入监狱。这些数字表明，美国在缉毒战中采用的流行做法是，追捕支持毒品行业的任何人。政府希望，通过取缔毒品的供求双方使这个行业自行垮台。

　　除了直接逮捕参与非法毒品交易的买卖双方以外，美国政府还开展了一场运动，禁止主要以注射器来使用毒品的工具。为了这一目标，联邦政府最近禁止注射品交易，这一禁令旨在限止获取使用某些非法毒品所必备的工具。

　　然而，这一措施已经引发了严厉的批评，因为它导致了使用并重复使用不卫生的注射品；这就可能会增加毒品使用者中的艾滋病感染数，这些人，要不是联邦政府的禁令，如果使用能得到的卫生的注射器本来是可以避免感染的。根据旧金山加利福尼亚大学艾滋病预防研究中心的一项研究报告表明，如果撤销联邦政府有关注射器交易的禁令，每年4000名新的艾滋病病毒感染者本来是可以避免的。这就是说，每天可以避免10多起新的艾滋病病毒感染。这一数字不禁使人驻足沉思，这场缉毒战中是否采用了可能的最佳办法？

　　Text 4 参考译文

　　Wild Bill Donovan 本来是会喜欢互联网的。这位在第二次世界大战中建立战略服务办公处并在后来为中央情报局奠定基础的美国间谍大师对情报独具钟情。在作为“职业”的间谍活动“大游戏”中，Donovan 信赖使用任何到手的工具。如今，由于网络已经改变了购物和发邮件这样的日常活动，它也在改变Donovan所从事的间谍职业。

　　最近这场用互联网来改变间谍活动的革命并不仅仅是一些先生读另一些先生的电子邮件。那种电子间谍活动已经进行了数十年了。在过去的三、四年中互联网创建了点击式间谍活动的整整一个行业。这些间谍称它为“敞开来源的情报”，并且随着网络的发展，这个行业的影响越来越大。1995年中央情报局举行了一次竞赛，看谁能够收集和汇编出有关布隆迪的最多的资料。遥遥领先的获胜者是弗吉尼亚州的一家小公司，名叫“敞开来源解决办法”。这个公司的明显优势是，它掌握了电子世界。

　　在这个新的领域引起轰动的公司中有Straitford公司 － 一家以得克萨斯州奥斯汀为基地的私人情报分析公司。Straitford靠把间谍活动（包括从智利到俄罗斯的国家）成果卖给公司，如McDermott国际能源服务公司，来赚钱的。它的许多预测可以在www.straitford.com. 网站的网上得到。

　　Straitford公司董事丧George Friedman说，他把网上世界看作是一种对情报收集和发送互惠的有力工具。上周他的公司忙于全力搜集来自世界各地的资料信息并预测在乌克兰将会发生一场危机。前任政治学教授Friedman说，“那个报导一发表，我们将立刻从乌克兰收到500条新的互联网贴子。”“并且我们将从其中一些帖子中收到回音。”敞开来源的间谍活动确实有它的风险，因为很难区别有用的情报和无用的情报。可那就是Straitford公司挣钱自立之所在。

　　Friedman 依靠在奥斯汀的仅仅20人的人员。其中有几人有军事情报工作的背景。他把公司所处的局外人的地位看作是公司成功的关键。Straitford发出的短讯并不像通常华盛顿的来往报告，因此，情报机构避免做出激动人心的正式声明，担心这些声明可能有误。Friedman说，Straitford公司为其不为人左右的声音而自豪。

　　帮助你学习记忆单词的有效方法 -- 同根词解析

　　*affect [af (=ad) 去 + fect 起作用] vt. 1. 影响 2. （感情方面）打动 * affected a. 做作的，假装的，不自然的 *affecting a. 令人感动的 *affection n. 慈爱，爱慕，爱情 * affectionate a. 重感情的，慈爱的 * affectionately adv. 你的亲爱的 [用于给亲友写信的结尾] *defect [de 否定 + fect 做 = 没有做好] n. 缺点，缺陷，毛病 *defection n. 背信，背叛，变节 *defective a. （指质量）有缺点的，有缺损的 *effect [ef (=ex) 向外 + fect 做 = 做出] n. 结果，效果，作用，影响 *effect vt. 使产生，使发生，引起 *effective a. 有效的，生效的 *effectively adv. 有效地，能产生预想结果地

　　*infect [in 往里 + fect 做 = 向里起作用] vt. 传染，感染 *infection n. 传染，感染 *infectious a. 传染的，传染性的；有感染力的 *perfect [per 完全 + fect 做 = 做得完美] a. 1. 完美的，完满的，完好的 2. 完全的，十足的 *perfect vt. 使完美，改善 *perfectly adv. 完美他 *perfection n. 尽善尽美，完美

　　*efficiency [ef (=ex) 出 + fic 做 + iency = 做出的事] n. 效率，功效 *efficient a. 效率高的，有能力的 *efficiently adv 效率高地 *inefficient a. 效率低的，无能 *deficiency [de不 + fic 做 + ciency ] n. 缺乏，不足，缺陷 *deficient a. 缺乏的， *sufficiency [su超过 + fic 做 + iency = 超过做的事] n. 充足，足量 *sufficient a. 足够的，充分的 *sufficiently adv. 足够地，充分他 *insufficient [in不够 + sufficient] a. 不足的，不够的 *insufficiently adv. 不足地，

　　*proficiency [pro向前 + fic 做 + iency] n. 熟练，精通 *proficient a. 熟练的，精通的

　　来源：北京太奇培训学校

忽悠转转

1. Reading Comprehension

　　Text 1 [2006, RC Text 2]

　　Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry -- William Shakespeare -- but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.

　　The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.

　　The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus -- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side – don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.

　　The townsfolk don’t see it this way and the local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.

　　Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.

　　It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -- lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m. (466 words)

　　Notes: Stratford-on-Avon (阿文河上的)斯特拉福；莎士比亚 (1564 --1616, 英国诗人，戏剧家) 的出生地。

superb adj.卓越的，杰出的，极好的。live off (=live on) 靠…为生。sandal凉鞋。take in (=visit) 参观。on the side 附加地，额外地，另外。bring in 从外带入。in a row 连续地。a shame 太过分的事，令人难堪的事，很遗憾。clientele顾客。dedicated adj. 专心工作的，埋头苦干的。flagstone 石板。box office售票口。

　　1. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that

　　[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue.

　　[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage.

　　[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms. [D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism.

　　2. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that

　　[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately.

　　[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers.

　　[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers. [D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater.

　　3. By saying "Stratford cries poor traditionally"(Line 2 Paragraph 4), the author implies that

　　[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects. [B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties.

　　[C] the town is not really short of money. [D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid.

　　4. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because

　　[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending. [B] the company is financially ill-managed.

　　[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable. [D] the theatre attendance is on the rise.

　　5. From the text we can conclude that the author

　　[A] is supportive of both sides. [B] favors the townsfolk’s view.

　　[C] takes a detached attitude. [D] is sympathetic to the RSC.

　　Text 2 [2005, RC Text 2]

　　Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.

　　There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Albert, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report "Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions."

　　Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.

　　Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research -- a classic case of "paralysis by analysis."

　　To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound. (421 words)

　　1. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that

　　[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.

　　[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.

　　[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.

　　[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.

　　2. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as

　　[A] a protector. [B] a judge. [C] a critic. [D] a guide.

　　3. What does the author mean by "paralysis by analysis"(Last line, Paragraph 4)?

　　[A] Endless studies kill action. [B] Careful investigation reveals truth.

　　[C] Prudent planning hinders progress. [D] Extensive research helps decision-making.

　　4. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?

　　[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants. [B] Raise public awareness of conservation.

　　[C] Press for further scientific research. [D] Take some legislative measures.

　　5. The author associates the issue of global warning with that of smoking because

　　[A] they both suffered from the government's negligence. [B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.

　　[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former. [D] both of them have turned from bad to worse.

　　Text 3 [2002, RC Text 4]

　　It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death – and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.

　　Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians – frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient – too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.

　　In 1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age – say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way” so that younger healthier people can realize their potential.

　　I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Summer Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.

　　Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives. (439 words)

　　1. What is implied in the first sentence?

　　A. Americans are better prepared for death than other people.

　　B. Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.

　　C. Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.

　　D. Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.

　　2. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that ________.

　　A. medical resources are often wasted B. doctors are helpless against fatal diseases

　　C. some treatments are too aggressive D. medical costs are becoming unaffordable

　　3. The author’s attitude toward Richard Lamm’s remark is one of ________.

　　A. strong disapproval B. reserved consent C. slight contempt D. enthusiastic support

　　4. In contrast to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care ________.

　　A. more flexibly B. more extravagantly C. more cautiously D. more reasonably

　　5. The text intends to express the idea that ________.

　　A. medicine will further prolong people’s lives B. life beyond a certain limit is not worth living

　　C. death should be accepted as a fact of life D. excessive demands increase the cost of health care

　　Text 4 (课外阅读)

　　"The ship sank in minutes ... she went stern first on to her port side and sank very quickly, until just her turrets were visible. She paused then and just disappeared under the sea and was gone." The last moments of the HMS EDIMBURGH, remembered by one of her crew. It was 2 May, 1942. The British cruiser was on her way home from Murmansk. She was carrying a rather unusual cargo in her bomb room -- five and a half tons of gold bullion, payment by the Russians for American armaments.

　　For nearly forty years she lay undisturbed, 800 feet down at the bottom of the Barents Sea, beneath the icy waters of the Arctic Circle. After the war she was declared a war grave. This and her depth effectively ruled out the traditional methods of salvaging her cargo. No diver could get down to work on the wreck, and no-one would be allowed to blast her open with explosives and grab what he could. So for years the HMS EDINBURGH remained a treasure infinitely desirable but always beyond reach.

　　Enter now Keith Jessop, who felt sure the cargo could be salvaged. A diver himself once, who had done some small-time salvage, Jessop had been doing a lot of research. He had discovered in the Public Record Office the receipt for the gold bars that confirmed that they had been loaded aboard the cruiser. He also found the secret reports informing the Admiralty that the gold was still in the bomb room when the ship sank. So he had official confirmation that this was not another old sea-dog's yarn about buried treasure. More than that, he was convinced he knew how the gold could be recovered from that depth without desecrating a war grave. The answer lay in a technique called saturation diving, developed in the North Sea and elsewhere for the oil exploration business.

　　After endless problems a salvage team set off from northern Norway in early May, 1981. By now, the success of the operation was out of Jessop's hands. As the director of operations put it: "It's like searching London for someone in thick fog with only a torch to see with."

　　Undaunted (=fearless), however, when they reached the search area in the Barents Sea they lowered the sonar equipment overboard to scan the seabed for likely large objects. Incredibly, on their first sweep, something large was traced out on the sonar chart. Experience suggested it was a wreck and, miraculously, it turned out to be the HMS EDINBURGH.

　　In many ways, the finding of the wreck was the most dramatic moment of the whole mission. A dream had turned into reality. The problem was no longer if, but how. What had started as a gamble became a hard commercial risk. The recovery of the gold was still going to be immensely difficult; indeed, the deepest salvage of its kind had never been attempted. But the journey's end was now in sight. (495 words)

　　Notes: stern n. 船尾；port side 左舷一边；turret 炮塔；cruiser巡洋舰；rule out 排除；salvage vt.打捞；Admiralty 海军部； sea-dog (贬) 海员；desecrate vt. 亵渎；trace out 画出轮廓；turned out to be 结果是；be in sight 看得见，遥遥在望。

　　1. When the HMS EDINBURGH sank __________.

　　A. she was on her way back to England B. she went down with all the members of her crew

　　C. she had been missing for several days D. she turned upside-down before disappearing under the water

　　2. The ship lay undisturbed for nearly 40 years because __________.

　　A. no explosives were strong enough to blast her open B. no traditional methods of salvaging were feasible

　　C. no diver was allowed to approach a war grave D. no diver could stand the icy temperatures of the sea

　　3. Keith Jessop was convinced that the stories about the HMS EDINBURGH were true because _________.

　　A. he had documentary evidence to prove his case B. he had been told the stories by a reliable old sea-dog

　　C. he had been sent a secret report from the Admiralty D. he had been doing some diving in that area himself

　　4. When the salvage team began their attempts to locate the wreck __________.

　　A. they found their equipment would not operate in thick fog

　　B. they were assisted by some sophisticated scanning equipment

　　C. their expensive equipment was almost wrecked on the seabed

　　D. their sonar equipment was washed overboard by the heavy seas

　　5. The finding of the wreck meant that _________.

　　A. their problems were now at an end B. their dream of getting the gold had come true

　　C. their mission had now been fulfilled D. their promise of success might now be realized

　　Text 2 Word Study

　　1. argue argue against …据理反对; 证明……是不能成立的: 1) All the evidence argued against the theory that the disease was transmitted by water. 所有证据都证明这个理论是不能成立的: 这种疾病是由水传播的。 2) Father argued fiercely against any increase in expenditure for the children’s birth-day party. 父亲据理反对增加孩子们生日聚会的花费。 argue about 争论关于某事：I won’t argue about the matter. argue sb. into doing sth. 通过争论使某人做某事：We argued him into surrendering the control of the chain company. 我们通过争论使他放弃对链锁公司的控制。 同根词 argument n. 辩论，争论；论点，论据。argumentation n. 立论，论证；辩论，争论。argumentative adj. 爱争论的，好辩论的。

　　2. sure adj. 确实，无疑，有把握：I think he’s coming, but I’m not quite sure. You are sure of a warm welcome. 你一定会受到热烈欢迎。You’re sure to fail if you do it that way. You seem very sure of yourself, young man. 小伙子，你未免太自信了吧！ 常用成语：for sure肯定： One thing is sure. We’ve won a great victory. I think he lives there but I couldn’t say for sure. 我想他住在那里，但我不能肯定。 make sure 确保： I think the door is locked, but I’d better go and make sure. 我想门已经锁了，但我最好还是去查一下。 to be sure 当然：He’s clever, to be sure, but not very hard-working. 当然，他很聪明，但是不怎么勤奋。

　　3. critical adj. 决定性的，关键的；危急时刻的。 be critical of 批评的, 爱挑毛病的: 1) Don’t be so critical of everyone else. (不要对别人如此挑剔。) 2) If you really understood the difficulties facing the government, you wouldn’t be so critical of its spending reductions.（如果你真地理解政府面临的困难, 你就不会对其削减开支的做法如此挑剔。）

　　Text 3 Word Study

　　1. press vt./vi. 1) 按，压，踩：Press the button to start the engine. (请按按钮起动发动机。) I don’t like shoes that press. (我不喜欢紧的鞋。) 2) 熨烫 vt.：Will you press my trousers for me before tomorrow? 3) (人群)挤，涌：The people were pressing so hard against the President’s car that they almost overturned it. 4) 敦促，催逼：His daughters pressed Shelley to join them. It’s no use pressing him; he doesn’t like to be hurried. The matter does not press. (这件事不紧迫。) The police pressed the students back behind the barriers. (警察迫使学生退到路障后面。)

　　press n. 新闻界，舆论，报章杂志（和the连用）：Defend the freedom of the press. (维护新闻自由。) The press will give us a great backing. (舆论会大力支持我们的。) The meeting was reported by the press.

　　同根词：pressing adj. 紧迫的，急待解决的：Is the matter pressing? Their attention ought to be focused on the more pressing problems. The professor is returning on account of pressing duties at home.

　　常用成语：1) be pressed for time (money) 缺乏时间、金钱：We are pressed for time. We must hurry up. (我们时间不够。我们必须赶紧。) 2) press ahead with 加紧（努力）：We must press ahead with our efforts to reach an agreement. 3) press for 急切要求： They are pressing for reforms. (他们急切要求改革。) Everyone began pressing him for details. (人人都要求他说明细节。)

　　2. opt v. (=decide to do sth.; choose) 决定做某事，选择：He opted to go Paris rather than London. （他决定去巴黎而不是伦敦。） Fewer students are opting for science courses nowadays. (现在选修理科的学生少了。)

　　同根词：option n. 选择余地；选择权：1) You have the option of leaving or staying. 2) Every voter should exercise his option. optional 可选择的；选修的：You don’t have to have this radio in your new car; it’s an optional extra.

　　3. imagine vt. 想象。同根词：imaginable(可以想象出的)；imaginary（假想的）； imaginative（有想象力的）：1) He is the most suitable person imaginable. (他是可以想象出的最合适的人。) 2) The story is not real; it is only imaginary. （这个故事不是真实的，只是假想的。） 3) The artist’s imaginative use of color delighted the critics. (这位画家富有想象力的使用色彩使这些评论家兴高采烈。) image影像，偶像，雕像。imagination n. 想像力：He has plenty of imagination.

　　4. fund n. 基金，积累的一笔专款：Hard up families receive cash subsidies from the welfare funds. (经济困难的家庭从福利基金中得到现金补贴。) fund (复数) 资金，存款，现款，钱：Through lack of funds the scheme fell through. (由于缺乏资金，这项计划失败了。) They ought to be furnished with the necessary funds. (他们应该得到这些必要的资金。)

　　fund vt. 资助，为…提供资金：1) We are hoping that the government will fund the project. (我们正在盼望政府给这个项目提供资金。) 2) The university scientists’ research for a cure of this disease is being funded by the government. (这座大学的科学家为治疗这种疾病所进行的研究正得到政府的拨款。)

　　同根词：overfund vt. 为…提供过量资金。underfund vt. 对…提供资金不足。

　　Text 4 Word Study

　　1. rule out (=exclude, eliminate; make impossible, prevent, forbid) 把…排除在外，不把…考虑在内；使不可能，禁止。例如：

　　The regulations rule out anyone under the age of eighteen.(这些规章排除了18岁以下的任何人。) The possibility of suicide was ruled out.（自杀的可能性被排除了。） I’m sure that the doctor would rule out visits from you as much too exciting for the patient.（我确信，医生会禁止你们去探望，因为这样会使病人过分兴奋。）

　　2. present adj. 1) 在场，出席：Every member of the class was present. 2) 存在：Carbon is present in many minerals. 3) 现

　　在的：At the present moment he is supposed to be in Paris.

　　present n. 现在：I live in the present, not in the past. 常用成语： at present 目前：At present we are living in New York. for the present 暂且：For the present we had better do nothing.

　　present n. 礼物：I am just going out to get some presents for my sister.

　　present vt. 1) 赠送：He carried a copy out into the kitchen and presented it to Maria. 2) 颁发，递交：The principal will present the diplomas. 3) 提出 (论点，看法等)：The speaker presented arguments for his side. 4) 呈现出，显露出：Although he may be troubled, he always presents a calm smiling face. 5) present itself (机会等)出现: A good opportunity has presented itself for doing what you suggested.

　　3. thought 思想，思考。

　　常用成语： give thought to 思考。例如：You will easily solve the problem only if you will give a bit of thought to it.

　　at the thought of 一想到…。 例如：I was delighted at the thought of seeing you again.

　　in thought 在沉思中。 例如：A.作表语：He was in deep thought. (=He was deep in thought.) B.作状语：He walked slowly back towards the site in deep thought.

　　on second thoughts 经过再三考虑。例如：But on second thoughts I made up my mind to travel without any food with me.

　　同根词：thoughtful 深思的，思考的；体贴人的，关切的。 thoughtless 考虑不周的；不体贴别人的。

　　4. adjust (to) vt./vi. 调整，校正，（使）适应。例如：1) The desks and seats can be adjusted to the height of any child. 2) I must adjust my watch, it’s slow. 3) Astronauts in flight must adjust to weightlessness.

　　同根词：adjustable 可调节的。例如：An adjustable electric lamp can be placed in various positions.

　　adjustment n. 调整，调节，适应。 例如：They have made a most satisfactory adjustment to their environment.

　　5. 否定副词：barely (=only just; scarcely) 仅够；几乎没有。例如：1) We barely had time to catch the train. 2)He was so weakened by the disease that he could barely stand up.

　　scarcely (only just; hardly) 仅仅；几乎不。例如：1) I scarcely know him. 2) Scarcely had she entered the room when the phone rang.

　　hardly (=only just; scarcely) 仅够；几乎没有。例如：He can hardly arrived yet. (他大概还没有到。)

　　rarely (not often, seldom) 不常，很少。例如：Only rarely do I eat in restaurants.

　　6. let down (=disappoint; fall short of the expectation of ) 使…失望；辜负…的期望。例如：Don’t let me down. I need your help.

　　let in (=allow to enter) 让…进来。例如：Let me in.

　　let off 放（枪、炮、烟火等）；宽恕，从宽处理。例如：The mother said she would let off her son washing the dishes if he could finish his assignment before supper. (1995年试题)

　　let alone 不干涉，不管；更不用说。例如：1) Since she is angry, we might as well let her alone. (既然她生气了，我们不妨不要管她。) （1981年试题） 2) Countless divorced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divorce, let alone gotten one. (无数离婚的政治家，如果那时即使想到要离婚，更不用说真的离婚了，本来就会落选的。)

　　II. Writing: (提纲式议论作文)

　　Directions: In this part, you are to write an essay of 160 -- 200 words within 30--35 minutes entitled“Importance of Confidence”. Your essay should be based on the information given in the outline below:

　　1. Importance of confidence

　　2. Reasons for lack of confidence

　　3. Necessity to build up confidence

　　信心的重要性

　　一个人不管做什么事, 他应该充满信心地去做。如果他没有信心, 当他面临困难时，他取得成功的可能性就很小。这个道理似乎明白无误。 然而, 在现实中我们确实看到许多人总是抱怨说, 他们缺乏办事的能力, 或者说, 形势对他们来说太严峻因此无法对付。对于有些人来说, 这可能是对的。但是对许多其他人来说, 这只能表明他们已经失去信心。

　　为什么有些人即使能够办得到的事也常常感到灰心呢? 我认为有两点原因。首先, 这些人对自己没有一个正确的估计。例如，面对研究生入学考试，有些人往往丧失信心并退却了。其次, 还有一种可能, 就是他们往往夸大他们所遇到的困难。他们似乎觉得这些困难大得克服不了。他们看不到，只要他们刻苦努力，所有的障碍都是能够突破的。

　　依我看, 一个人只要对自己的能力有正确的态度, 就有可能建立对自己的信心。 我们既不应过高估计我们的能力, 也不应该过低估计我们的能力。常言道: "有志者事竟成"。只要有信心, 我们一定能完成任何面临的任务。

　　The Importance of Confidence

　　Whatever one does, he should do it with confidence. Without confidence, it is almost impossible for him to achieve anything, when he is faced with difficulties. In reality, however, we do see a lot of people who always complain that they are lacking in (=lack) the ability to do something or that the situation is too critical for them to deal with. For some, this might be true. But for many others, this only shows that they have lost confidence.

　　Why do some people often feel frustrated even though they are capable of doing something? I think there are two main reasons. In the first place, they don’t have a correct estimate of themselves. For example, in the face of the postgraduate entrance examination, some of us tend to lose heart and give in. Secondly, there is another possibility that they often exaggerate the difficulties they meet with. It seems to them that the hardships are too great to get over. They can’t see that all the barriers can be broken through only if they make painstaking efforts.

　　In my opinion, one should build up faith in oneself as long as he has a right attitude towards his own abilities. We should neither underestimate nor overestimate our abilities. As a proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” With confidence we can certainly cope with any task we are confronted with. (237 words)

　　背记重点词语汉英对照：1.困难：difficulty, hardship, barrier。 2.面临：be faced with, be confronted with。3.克服(困难)：overcome, get over, break through (difficulties)。4.我认为，我觉得：I think … , It seems to me that …。5.对…丧失信心：lose confidence in …。获得对…信心：gain confidence in …。缺乏对…信心：lack confidence in …。树立对…信心：create (=establish) confidence in …。增强某人做…的信心和决心：strengthen one’s confidence and determination to do sth.。6.顺利解决：deal with … successfully, cope with…。 7.有了…就能…：with …, … can …。 8. 夸大：exaggerate, overestimate。 9.可以毫不夸张地说…：It is no exaggeration to say that …。

　　Put the following sentences from Chinese into English:

　　1. 不管你买得起多少，我们都欢迎（感激）。

　　2. 他们面临许多问题时，往往丧失信心。

　　3. 他们常常夸大他们遇到的困难。

　　4. 我们常常看到一些人缺乏克服困难的勇气。

　　5. 可以毫不夸张地说，只要有信心和决心, 我们一定能完成任何面临的任务。

　　作业： 1. 认真复习本单元内容；阅读文章要反复看几遍；词汇工作要天天背记。

　　2. 攻读“复习指导”语法结构和词汇（介词、短语动词和词汇）；

　　3. 把作文要英汉对照，注意英汉表达的差异；注意短文的框架结构和常用句型；

　　4. 背记单词要注意词的多义性和搭配关系，要勤查牛津词典或朗文词典。

　　赠言：不要被别人的成功所煎熬，也不要为自己的失落而沮丧。你或许已经浪费了许多宝贵的时光。认定一个奋斗目标，执著地追求

　　吧。滴水穿石，贵在坚持。-- 朱泰祺。

　　Text 1 参考译文

　　正如我们大家所知道的，阿文河上的斯特拉福小城只拥有一个行业，即威廉 莎士比亚，可是却拥有两个截然不同的、日益敌视的分支。一个分支就是皇家莎士比亚公司(RSC)；这家公司提供阿文河上的莎士比亚纪念剧院演出的优秀剧本。还有一个分支则是这个小城的市民，他们大多靠旅游者为生，这些旅游者到这里来不是看戏而是参观Anne Hathaway的小屋、莎士比亚出生地和其他的名胜景点。

　　斯特拉福城可敬的居民们怀疑剧院是否给他们带来什么收入。他们坦城表示不喜欢皇家莎士比亚公司的演员，这些人留着长发、蓄着胡须，穿着凉鞋，吵吵嚷嚷。当你想到莎士比亚自己就是一位蓄着胡须的演员并且也曾吵吵嚷嚷，可现在又在为他们谋生时，这是多么有趣的讽刺啊。

　　游客并未完全分流。乘公共汽车来并且常常顺便参观沃里克城堡和布伦亨宫殿的观光客通常并不看戏，他们中有的人甚至惊讶地发现在斯特拉福有一座剧院。然而，来看戏的人看戏之余的确会参观一些地方。皇家莎士比亚公司认为，正是这些看戏的人带来了这个城镇的大部分收入，因为他们花钱在旅馆过夜（其中有些人住4 – 5夜），在餐厅就餐。而旅游者可能参观各处，但在夜幕降临前离开城镇。

　　城镇居民并不这样看待这个问题；地方议会也没有直接拨款给皇家莎士比亚公司。斯特拉福向来就哭穷。然而，城里的每个旅馆似乎正在加建一个侧厅或鸡尾酒大厅。希尔顿正在那里建造自己的旅馆。你可以确信，这个新旅馆将装饰有哈姆雷特汉堡酒吧、里尔休息厅、班库宴会厅等等，而价格将十分昂贵。

　　不管怎样，小镇居民无法理解为什么皇家莎士比亚公司需要拨款补贴。(该剧院已连续3年打破上座率记录。去年该剧院1431个座位全年有94%的上座率，而今年将会更好。) 当然，其原因是费用急剧上升而票价一直偏低。

　　把票价抬得太高也不是好事，因为这样做会把那些斯特拉福最有吸引力的年轻顾客赶跑。这些人完全是为看戏而不是为观光来的。他们看起来很相似（尽管来自五湖四海）：瘦削、尖脸、表情专注、穿着牛仔裤和凉鞋、吃圆面包并晚上睡在剧院外面的石板上，在上午10点半售票口开门时买20张座位票和80张专为这些人?+-?的站票。

　　Text 2 参考译文

　　你是否记得那些年代？那时科学家争辩说，吸烟会夺去我们的生命，但是怀疑论者坚持说，我们现在还不能肯定。他们说，证据还不确凿，科学上还没有定论。他们还说，反对吸烟的游说是要摧毁我们的生活方式，政府不应该介入。许多美国人接受了那些谬论，因而30多年来，大约1,000万吸烟者过早地走向坟墓。

　　如今，又有令人心烦的类似事情发生，因为科学家一批又一批地试图唤醒我们注意地球变暖这种日益增长的威胁。最近的事情是，得到白宫支持的国家科学院的一次专家论坛告诉我们，地球的大气肯定在变暖，而且这个问题主要是人为的。清楚的信息是，我们应该行动起来保护我们自己。科学院院长Bruce Alberts补充说，专家论坛报告的前言中这一关键的论点是：“科学从来也不能回答所有的问题。但是科学确实能够给我们提供对未来的最好的指导。重要的是，我们的国家和全世界，在有关目前的行动所产生的未来后果上，应该把重要的政策建筑在科学所能提供的最佳判断的基础上。”

　　就像在吸烟问题上一样，现在来自许多方面的意见认为，关于地球变暖的科学论据是不全面的，在我们没有定论以前向大气中排放二氧化碳（烟气）是没有问题的。这是一项危险的游戏，因为到有了百分之百的证据时，那可太晚了。随着这种危险日益明显并且与日俱增，一个有远见卓识的民族现在最好能拿到一份保险单。

　　幸运的是，白宫正开始关注这个问题。可是，很明显，总统的大多数顾问仍然没有认真对待地球变暖。他们不是拿出一项行动计划，而是继续要求做更多的研究 – 这是“由于分析而停止工作”的最典型的例子。

　　要当好地球的负责管理者，我们必须继续不断地进行更深入的大气和海洋研究。但是单靠研究还不够。如果美国政府不愿采取立法行动，那么国会应该协助着手制订环保措施。西弗吉尼亚州的民主党参议员Robert Byrd提出的一份议案是一个很好的开端，因为这个议案将对私营工业提供财政奖励。许多人看到，我国正准备建造许多新的电站来满足我们的能源需求。如果我们打算要保护大气，那么重要的是，这些新的发电厂在环保方面应该是靠得住的。

　　Text 3 参考译文

　　在英国死亡据说是急待解决的的，在加拿大死亡据说是不可避免的，在美国死亡据说是可以选择的。难怪，美国人的预期寿命在过去100年中几乎翻了一翻。有病的髋关节可以置换，临床的忧郁症可以控制，白内瘴可以在30分钟的外科手术中剥离。医学的进步提高了老年人的生活质量，这是50年前我进入医学界时所无法想象的。但是即使最好的健康保健体系也无法避免死亡 － 我们没有正视这一现实现在使我们自己的伟大蒙上了一层不祥的阴云。

　　死亡是正常的；从遗传学上讲，即使环境再理想，我们也要解体死亡。我们在某种程度上都懂得这一点，可是作为医疗消费者我们把死亡作为一个有待解决的问题来对待。由于我们受到第三付款人（指纳税人）的保护免交保健费用，所以我们要求可能为我们所做到的一切，即使这样做是徒劳的。最明显的例子是晚期癌症的治疗。医生们由于无力治愈这种疾病而灰心失望并且又担心病人失去希望，因而常常提出一些大胆的治疗方案，这种方案远远超出了科学上能证明其正确的范围。

　　1950年，美国在医疗保健上花了$127亿。2002年，这笔费用将达到$15400亿。任何人都明白，这一趋势是无法承受的。然而几乎无人愿意去试图逆转这一趋势。有些学者得出结论说，财力有限的政府就应该停止为超出一定年龄，譬如83岁左右，的人延续生命而支付医疗费用。用科罗拉多前任州长Richard Lamm的话来说，年老而体弱多病的人有义务告别人世、不再挡道，这样，年轻健康的人就能发挥出他们的潜力。

　　我不会如此极端地来谈这个问题。精力充沛的人通常能工作到60岁或60岁以上，而且仍然工作得很好。78岁时，Viacom 公司董事长Summer Redstone 开玩笑地说，他是53岁。最高法院Sandra Day O’Connor法官是70多岁，而前任外科总监C. Everett Koop 80多岁还主持了一个互联网的开业。这些头头们是活生生的证据，证明预防有效，并且证明我们可以处理好随着年龄自然来临的健康问题。作为仅68岁的人，我希望变老时能和他们一样健康地工作。

　　然而，一个社会在医疗保健方面所能支付的费用总是有限的。作为医生，我知道，最花钱的、最戏剧性的保健措施可能是徒劳和痛苦的。我还知道，在日本和瑞典这样一些在医疗保健方面开支少得多的国家中，老百姓的寿命比我们更长更健康。作为一个国家，我们可能在寻求不太可能的药物和疗法方面投入的资金太多，而在研究更简单的能够改善人们生活的医疗方法上花的钱太少。

　　来源：北京太奇培训学校

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2007北京太奇培训学校考研英语强化班授课讲义(三)

　　I. Use of English

　　Directions: [2006年试题]

　　Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

　　The homeless make up a growing percentage of America's population. 1 , homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments can't possibly 2 . To help homeless people 3 independence, the federal government must support job training programs, 4 the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.

　　5 everyone agrees on the number of Americans who are homeless. Estimates 6 anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. 7 the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is 8 . One of the federal government's studies 9 that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.

　　Finding ways to 10 this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. 11 when homeless individuals manage to find a 12 that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day 13 the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, 14 not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday 15 skills needed to turn their lives 16 . Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are 17 programs that address the many needs of the homeless. 18 Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, 19 it, "There has to be 20 of programs. What's needed is a package deal."

　　1. [A] Indeed [B] Likewise [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore

　　2. [A] stand [B] cope [C] approve [D] retain

　　3. [A] in [B] for [C] with [D] toward

　　4. [A] raise [B] add [C] take [D] keep

　　5. [A] Generally [B] Almost [C] Hardly [D] Not

　　6. [A] cover [B] change [C] range [D] differ

　　7. [A] Now that [B] Although [C] Provided [D] Except that

　　8. [A] inflating [B] expanding [C] increasing [D] extending

　　9. [A] predicts [B] displays [C] proves [D] discovers

　　10. [A] assist [B] track [C] sustain [D] dismiss

　　11. [A] Hence [B] But [C] Even [D] Only

　　12. [A] lodging [B] shelter [C] dwelling [D] house

　　13. [A] searching [B] strolling [C] crowding [D] wandering

　　14. [A] when [B] once [C] while [D] whereas

　　15. [A] life [B] existence [C] survival [D] maintenance

　　16. [A] around [B] over [C] on [D] up

　　17. [A] complex [B] comprehensive [C] complementary [D] compensating

　　18. [A] So [B] Since [C] As [D] Thus

　　19. [A] puts [B] interprets [C] assumes [D] makes

　　20. [A] supervision [B] manipulation [C] regulation [D] coordination

　　II. Reading Comprehension Part B

　　Directions:

　　In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There are two extra choices, which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on

　　ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

　　[2006年试题]

　　On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him

　　a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.

　　He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card," which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user's gambling activities. For Williams, those activities "became what he calls "electronic heroin."

　　(41) . In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.

　　In March 1998 a friend of Williams's got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers and wrote to him a "cease admissions" letter. Noting the "medical/psychological" nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.

　　(42) .

　　The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: "Enjoy the fun.., and always bet with your head, not over it." Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams's suit charges that the casino, knowing he was "helplessly addicted to gambling," intentionally worked to "lure" him to "engage in conduct against his will." Well

　　(43) .

　　The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says "pathological gambling" involves

　　persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.

　　(44) . Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.

　　(45) .

　　Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on - you might say addicted to - revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers' dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web's most profitable business.

　　[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino's marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.

　　[B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?

　　[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.

　　[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.

　　[E] David Williams's suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don't bet on it.

　　[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.

　　[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even

　　 if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?

　　III. English-Chinese Translation

　　Part C

　　Directions: [2006年试题]

　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

　　Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of the intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.

　　First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

　　This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals -- the average scientist, for one. (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties – he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.

　　The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (50) They teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. The description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing; living in “public and illustrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, is something else. (339 words)

　　IV. Writing Part A (2006年试题)

　　Directions:

　　You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.

　　Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

　　Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.

　　Do not write the address. (10 points)

　　Sample:

　　Dear Sir,

　　I am writing to ask for your help of finding a candidate for the Hope Project, since I have decided to give financial aid to a child in a remote area.

　　如有可能，我很愿意帮助一个西藏的小女孩， 她虽然出生于贫困家庭， 但是很渴望学习。



I plan to send her 300 yuan per month. In the meanwhile, I will provide clothes, books and other necessities for her. 如果她将来能够通过努力考上大学，我会继续给予援助。

　　If you happen to have such a candidate, please let me know as soon as possible.

　　Thank you for your time.

　　Yours faithfully,

　　Li Ming

　　作业：1. 认真复习本单元材料。要注意词汇的确切词义、搭配和用法。注意完形填空的命题思路和应试对策。

　　2. 阅读“复习指导”中语法长难句试题例解和重点词汇的介词搭配例解。

　　赠言：成功来源于刻苦努力。(Success results from hard work.)

　　帮助你学习记忆单词的有效方法 -- 同根词解析

　　fenc, fend, fens [拉丁语] = protect 防御， *fence n. 栅栏，围栏，篱笆

　　*defend [de离开 + fend 击 = 把 … 打跑] vt. 保卫，防守；为 … 辩护 *defence/se n. 防御，保卫；防御物；辩护，答辩；pl. 防务，防御工事 *offend [of (=ob)反对 + fend 还击] vt. 冒犯，得罪，违反；使厌恶，使不舒服 *offence/se n. 犯规 *offensive a. 冒犯的，攻击的 n. 攻势，进攻

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2007北京太奇培训学校考研英语强化班授课讲义(四)

　　I. Use of English (Cloze) 内部资料 翻印必究

　　Business and government leaders also consider the inflation rate to be an important general indicator. Inflation is a period of increased 1 that causes rapid rises in prices. When your money buys 2 goods so that you get less for the same amount of money 3 before, inflation is the problem. There is a general rise 4 the price of goods and services. Your money buys less. Sometimes people 5 inflation as a time when “a dollar is not worth a dollar any more.”

　　Inflation is a problem for all consumers. People who live on a fixed income are 6 the most. Retired people, for instance, cannot 7 on an increase in income as prices rise. Elderly people who don’t work face serious problems in stretching their incomes to 8 their needs in time of inflation. 9 income or any fixed income usually does not rise as fast as prices. Many retired people must cut their spending to 10 rising prices. In many 11 they must stop buying some necessary items, such as food and clothing.

　　Even for working people whose incomes are going up, inflation can be a problem 12 the cost of living rises, too. People who work must have even more money to 13 their standard of living. Just buying the things they need 14 more. When incomes do not keep pace with rising prices, the standard of living goes down. People may be earning the same 15 of money, but they are not living as well because they are not able to buy 16 many goods and services.

　　Government units 17 information about prices in our economy and publish it as price indexes from which the rate of change can be determined. A price index 18 changes in prices using the price for a given year as the base. The base price is set 19 100, and the other prices are 20 as a percentage of the base price. (321 words)

　　1. A. demanding B. spending C. consuming D. borrowing

　　2. A. a few B. more C. fewer D. a little

　　3. A. than B. like C. since D. as

　　4. A. in B. for C. at D. to

　　5. A. render B. depict C. describe D. assume

　　6. A. hurt B. undermined C. damaged D. spoiled

　　7. A. depend B. rest C. rely D. count

　　8. A. acquire B. obtain C. meet D. suit

　　9. A. Government B. Development C. Retirement D. Employment

　　10. A. put up with B. keep up with C. fall in with D. get on with

　　11. A. occasio